Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade econômica da produção de leite de vacas Holandês x Gir, pela inclusão de níveis crescentes de óleo de girassol (0,0; 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5%) na matéria seca de dietas baseadas em cana-de-açúcar. Os dados utilizados no estudo foram obtidos de experimento realizado com 12 vacas Holandês x Gir, multíparas, com produção média de 18,2kg/dia de leite, distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 4 x 4, conforme a produção de leite, a ordem de lactação e o peso corpóreo. As dietas foram isoproteicas, fornecidas ad libitum na forma de mistura total (relação volumoso:concentrado de 60:40, base matéria seca), e os consumos das vacas determinados diariamente. As produções individuais diárias de leite foram registradas, e sua composição foi analisada quanto aos teores de gordura, proteína e ácidos graxos. A viabilidade econômica foi realizada considerando-se os preços dos ingredientes fornecidos e o consumo diário da dieta de cada tratamento. O benefício econômico foi obtido pela diferença entre a receita, com a venda do leite, e o custo com alimentação dos animais. O pagamento por qualidade foi estimado pela média de oito sistemas utilizados por empresas do ramo de laticínios, com base nos teores de gordura, proteína e no volume de leite. A dieta sem inclusão de OG foi a que proporcionou maior benefício econômico. A inclusão de OG nas dietas baseadas em cana-de-açúcar não foi viável, economicamente, devido aos gastos adicionais com OG e às penalizações resultantes da redução dos teores de proteína e de gordura do leite.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the economic viability of the milk yield of Holstein x Gir cows by the addition of growing levels of sunflower oil (SO) (0.0, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5%) in the dry matter of sugar-cane based diets. The data utilized in the study were obtained from an experiment conducted with 12 multiparous Holstein x Gir cows, with average yield of 18.2kg/day of milk, distributed into three 4 x 4 Latin squares according to milk yield, lactation order and body weight. The diets were isoprotein, a total mixture fed at libitum (ratio roughage concentrate of 60:40, dry matter basis) and cow consumption was determined daily. The individual milk yields were recorded daily and their composition analyzed regarding fat, protein and fatty acids content. The economic viability was carried out by considering the prices of the feedstuffs fed and the daily consumption in the diet for each treatment. The economic benefit was obtained by the difference between the receipt with the milk sale and the cost with the feeding of the animals. The pay for quality was estimated on the basis of the mean of eight systems utilized by businesses in the dairy branch on the basis of the fat and protein contents and by milk volume. The diet without the addition of SO was the one which provided the greatest economic benefit. The addition of SO in the sugar-cane based diets was not economically viable due to the additional expenditures with SO and the penalizations resulting from the reduction of the milk protein and fat content.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de ácidos graxos (AG), os índices de qualidade nutricional e a estabilidade oxidativa (EO) de manteigas produzidas do leite de vacas alimentadas com dietas à base de cana-de-açúcar contendo níveis crescentes de óleo de girassol (OG): 0 (controle); 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5% da matéria seca (MS). O perfil de AG das manteigas foi analisado por cromatografia gasosa, e a EO foi determinada utilizando-se o equipamento Rancimat®, modelo 743, operado a 120ºC e fluxo de ar de 20L/h. As concentrações dos AG rumênico (CLA cis-9, trans-11), vacênico (C18:1 trans-11) e oleico (C18:1 cis-9) na gordura das manteigas foram aumentadas em 867, 687 e 148%, respectivamente, à medida que se aumentou de 0 para 4,5% o nível de OG na dieta. Por outro lado, as concentrações dos AG saturados de cadeia média foram linearmente reduzidas (P<0,0001) na gordura das manteigas, em razão do incremento de OG nas dietas. Quanto aos índices de qualidade nutricional, houve redução linear (P<0,0001) no índice de aterogenicidade e no de trombogenicidade e aumento da relação entre AG hipo e hipercolesterolêmicos, em resposta ao aumento do nível de OG na dieta. Consistente com o incremento (P<0,0001) nas concentrações totais dos AG mono e poli-insaturados, a EO da gordura das manteigas foi linearmente reduzida (P<0,0001) em razão do incremento de OG nas dietas. Concluiu-se que a suplementação com OG melhorou a qualidade nutricional das manteigas produzidas do leite de vacas Holandês x Gir devido a mudanças positivas no perfil de AG da gordura. Entretanto, tais mudanças na composição dos AG da gordura foram acompanhadas de redução da EO das manteigas, associada à menor vida de prateleira.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the fatty acid (FA) profile, nutritional quality and oxidative stability (OE) indexes of butter obtained from milk of cows fed sugar cane-based diets containing increasing levels of sunflower oil (SO): 0 (Control); 1.5; 3.0 and 4.5% of diet DM. The butter FA profile was analyzed by gas chromatography and OE was determined using the Rancimat® equipment (model 743) operated at 120ºC and air flow of 20 L/h. The concentrations of rumenic acid (cis-9 trans-11 CLA), vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1) and oleic acid (cis-9 C18:1) in butter fat were increased by 867, 687 and 148%, respectively, as the dietary SO level increased from 0 to 4.5%. In contrast, the concentrations of medium chain saturated FA were linearly reduced (P<0.05) in butter fat from cows fed increasing levels of SO. Regarding the butter nutritional quality, a linear decrease (P<0.0001) in atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes and a linear increase (P<0.0001) in the hypocholesterolemic/ hypercholesterolemic ratio were observed compared to control, 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5% SO, respectively. Consistent with the increased (P<0.0001) concentration of mono and polyunsaturated FA, the OE of butter fat was linearly reduced (P<0.0001) as the dietary SO level increased. It was concluded that diet supplementation with SO improved the nutritional quality of butter fat of Holstein x Gir dairy cows as a result of positive changes in milk FA profile. However, these changes in milk FA composition were accompanied by a reduction in the SO of butter, which in turn is associated with a shorter shelf life.

We calculate the thermodynamics of the one-dimensional spin-1/2 Ising model in the presence of a constant skew magnetic field. We obtain the high-temperature expansion of its Helmholtz free energy (HFE), for the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic cases, up to order beta7. This expansion permits us to obtain the behaviour of the model for $ |J| \beta \stackrel {<}{_\sim}} 1 $, when it cannot be described by its classical version. Among the calculated thermodynamical functions of the model, we have the diagonal elements of the magnetic susceptibility tensor for the transverse and logitudinal Ising models, obtained by taking the limits h z -> 0 and h y -> 0, respectively, of the beta-expansion of the HFE. The y-component of the magnetization and the chiyy component of the magnetic susceptibility tensor are almost the same for the antiferro- and ferromagnetic models, at least for $ |J| \beta \stackrel {<}{_\sim}} 1 $; and, <FONT FACE=Symbol>c yy</FONT> is practically independent of the direction of the external magnetic. We also show that, in this region of temperature, the thermodynamics of the Ising model with skew magnetic field and that of an XXZ model with longitudinal magnetic field are not similar.

Estimaram-se os parâmetros da cinética de degradação ruminal in situ da fibra em detergente neutro (DgFDN) da cana-de-açúcar e das silagens de capim-elefante, de milho e de sorgo em diferentes tempos de incubação, tamanhos de partícula (1 e 2mm) e espécies (ovinos e bovinos). A DgFDN foi obtida nos tempos de incubação: 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 e 240 horas. A avaliação dos tamanhos de partículas e das espécies na degradabilidade foi realizada pelo teste de identidade de modelos de regressão não linear e interpretada pela análise de fatores. As taxas de degradação da FDN (k d) também foram estimadas, matematicamente, utilizando-se apenas de dois tempos de incubação in situ (tempos 6 e 24h ou 6 e 36h). Os valores de k d estimados em 2 tempos ou 11 tempos de incubação foram comparados pelo teste t com arranjo em pares. Os valores de k d estimados com dois tempos de incubação, quando comparados com os valores obtidos em vários tempos de incubação mostraram-se similares (P>0,05). Em estudos da cinética de degradação ruminal in situ da FDN, ovinos não devem ser considerados modelos experimentais para bovinos, mas o tamanho de partícula do alimento incubado, de 1 ou 2mm, tem pouca influência nos parâmetros de degradação ruminal.

The neutral detergent fiber degradability (NDFd) of sugar-cane, and elephantgrass, corn, and sorghum silages were predicted by in situ method, with different time points, sample grind sizes (1 and 2mm) and animal species (sheep and cattle). The feedstuffs were incubated at 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 240 hours. The effects of sample grind sizes and of the species in NDFd were analyzed through the test of identity of non-linear regression models and interpreted by factor analysis. The rates of degradation of NDF (k d) were also estimated for two times of incubation in situ (times 6 and 24h or 6 and 36h), and they were compared to the k d values estimated at the in situ trial, through the t statistical test. The k d values estimated by different time points and predicted by in situ incubation times were similar (P>0.05). There is little interference of particle size in degradation parameters, and the NDF degradation in situ trials in sheep can not be used as an experimental model for cattle.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common genetic disease among Caucasians and is rare among sub-Saharan Africans. The Brazilian population is not ethnically homogeneous but it is the result of three-way ethnic admixture of Europeans, Africans and Amerindians in varying proportions, depending on the region. In the present study, we investigated 33 patients who had been diagnosed and are currently under treatment for CF at the University Hospital João de Barros Barreto, Belém, Pará State. The molecular analysis for G542X, G551D and R553X mutations was performed by PCR followed by RFLP using BstNI, HincII and MboI, respectively, in polyacrylamide gel eletrophoresis and stained with AgNO3. ThedeltaF508 mutation (a deletion of 3 bp) was only analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and stained with AgNO3. Each sample was analyzed for regions of interest in the CFTR gene using amplified by PCR and specific primers. The deltaF508 and G551D mutations presented frequencies of 22.7 and 3%, respectively. In 74.3% of the remaining patients, none of the mutations investigated was found. The present study characterized in a sample of patients with an established clinical diagnosis of CF (asthma, repeated bronchopneumonia, disorders of nutritional status, etc.) the most frequent mutation ( deltaF508) in the North region of Brazil and is also the first report of the G551D mutation. In spite of the wide spectrum of CF mutations and the heterogeneous ethnic origin of the Amazon population, the molecular diagnosis is a helpful additional tool for the diagnosis and treatment of CF patients.

The Heisenberg XXZ model is a chain model with nearest-neighbor interactions. Its thermodynamics is exactly obtained via Bethe ansatz. Recently, we developed a method to derive the high-temperature expansion of the grand potential per site of translationally invariant chain models, with periodic boundary conditions. Here we apply this approach to the XXZ model with periodic boundary conditions for the Ising limit case (t = 0) and the free fermion case (delta = 0 and h = 0), obtaining results in agreement with the literature. In this new way of obtaining the coefficients of the high-temperature expansion of the grand potential, the coefficients are derived from an auxiliary function written only in terms of open connected sub-chains.

Charret et al. applied the properties of Grassmann generators to develop a new method to calculate the coefficientes of the high temperature expansion of the grand canonical partition function of self-interacting fermionic models on d-dimensions (d > or = 1). The method explores the anti-commuting nature of fermionic fields and avoids the calculation of the fermionic path integral. We apply this new method to the relativistic free Dirac fermions and recover the known results in the literature without the beta-independent and mu-independent infinities that plague the continuum path integral formulation.